The Evolution of Matter by Dr. Gustave Le BON
Table of Contents
Translator’s Preface
Papers by the author published in the “Revue Scientifique”
Introduction
Book I. The New Ideas On Matter
Chapter I -The Theory of Intra-Atomic Energy and the Passing-Away of Matter
(1) The New Ideas on the Dissociation of Matter — Matter not indestructible — Radioactivity universal property of matter — Intra-atomic energy — General Propositions – (2) Matter and Force — Matter as a variety of energy — All phenomena transformation of equilibrium — Energy consequence of condensation of nebula – (3) Consequences of the vanishing of matter — Nothing created, everything perishes — Destruction of matter very slow — Indestructibility of mass must go — Possibly conservation of energy also — Atoms planetary systems.
Chapter II – History of the Discovery of the Dissociation of Matter, and of Intra-Atomic Energy
Author’s discovery of Black Light — Of radioactivity of all bodies — M. Becquerel on the reflection, etc., of uranium rays — Acceptance of the author’s theory by M.de Heen — Unpopularity at outset — Testimony of M. Dastre — Of M. Poincare — Of English writers — M. de Heen’s comparison of the discovery of Black Light with that of x-rays — M. Bohn’s appreciation.
Book II. Intra-Atomic Energy And The Forces Derived Therefrom
第一章 - 原子内能量：其幅度
（1）当解离 - 能量等于1,340,000桶的火药时，通过物质的速度 - 原子能 - 原子能 - 发射颗粒 - 这种能量在没有原子的情况下 - 其来源 - （2）数量估计有关能源 - 包含在最小的硬币中，足以派出火车在地球周围超过四次 - Rutherford，亚伯拉罕和汤姆森的其他测量 - （3）能源形式在物质中凝聚 - 引脚的动能= 208,873,000千克- Meters - （4）利用原子内能量 - 目前无用的是因为物质的解散不能赶紧 - 这种难以克服，力量将自由。
第二章 - 物质转化为能源
Old idea that matter had nothing in common with energy — Difficulty of upsetting this notion — Lord Kelvin’s first view — New ideas only make their way gradually — Influence of prestige on scientific belief.
第三章——力量来源于Intra-Atomic东北偏东rgy — Molecular Forces, Electricity, Solar Heat, Etc.
(1) Origin of Molecular Forces — Cohesion, chemical affinity, etc., only explicable as intra-atomic energy – (2) Origin of Electricity — Constantly increasing importance of electricity — Electricity form of infra-atomic energy set free by dissociation of matter – (3) Origin of Solar Heat — Stars not necessarily cooling — Heat lost by radiation may be compensated for by energy liberated in dissociation
Chapter IV – Objections To The Doctrine Of Intra-Atomic Energy
m·庞加莱的m . Painleve和m . Naquet objection that no endothermic combination stable — Answer: matter not stable since easily dissociated — M. Gauthier’s confirmation of this — M. Despaux’s objection: quantity of matter and energy in the world invariable — Answer: facts about radium disprove this — M. Duclaud and M. Laisant’s criticisms — Prof. Re’s, Somerhausen’s, and Pio’s opinions — Consequences of sudden dissociation of gram of radium — Ann. Scientifique’s and M. Sagaret’s remarks.
书III。不可饶恕的世界
Chapter I – Classic Separation Between Ponderable and Imponderable — Is There An Intermediate World?
拉瓦锡的定义和Berthelot的批准Larmor’s reconciliation of ether and nature — Particles emitted during dissociation of matter the link with ether.
Chapter II – Immaterial Basis of Universe: The Ether
乙醚在物理学中的重要性 - 难以定义其性质 - 而不是气体 - 其他意见 - 不可凝聚但可凝聚的 - 大理石的意见仅仅是乙醚的看法。
第三章 - 以太网中的不同均衡
All ethereal equilibria very unstable — Vortex ring theory — Explains gravitation — M. Gautier’s opinions on this — M. Benard’s experiments — Matter a particular state of ethereal equilibrium.
Book IV. The Dematerialization of Matter
第二章 - 解释解离实验
(1) The First Interpretations — Crookes’ ultra-gaseous state — Kinetic theory of gases described — Cathode rays really identical with particles of dissociating matter – (2) Interpretations now current — Discovery of x and uranium rays make old explanations untenable — Ionization merely dissociation — Contrasts between ordinary and ionic electricity — Dissociation products identical for all substances.
第二章 - 物质的废除产品
(1) Classification of Above Products — Classification necessary — Can be divided into 6 classes – (2) Characteristics of Dissociation Elements: viz., emanation, positive and negative ions, electrons, cathode rays, and x-rays
Chapter III – Dematerialization of Specially Radioactive Substances
（1）这些物质的非体质化产物 - （2）α射线或正离子 - （3）β射线或负电子 - （4）γ或X射线 - （5）放射性物质的半材料散发物 - （6）诱导放射性。所有这些阶段都在返回到以太。
Chapter IV – Dematerialization of Ordinary Bodies
(1) Causes of dematerialization – How dissociation proved – (2) Dissociation by light – (3) By Chemical reactions – (4) By electric action – (5) By combustion – (6) By heat – (7) Spontaneous dissociation – (8) Part played by dissociation in natural phenomena.
Chapter V – Artificial Equilibria Of Elements Produced By Dissociation
Possibility of photographing momentary equilibria — Attractions and repulsions of dissociated particles — Globular electricity — The ionic fluid and its geometrical forms
第六章 - 如何解散
(1) Causes of modification of molecular and atomic structures — Equilibria disturbed by slight but appropriate action – Acoustic analogy – (2) Mechanism of dissociation – (3) Causes of dissociation of very radioactive substances – (4) Does radium exist?
书V.物质与以太之间的中间世界
Chapter I – Properties Of Substances Intermediate Between Matter And Ether
仅在电动液 - Kaufmann和亚伯拉罕对此 - 颗粒在临床和不良之间的实际联系的情况下，群体的物质质量变化的变化。
Chapter II – Electricity A Semi-Material Substance
(1) Radioactive and Electrical Phenomena – (2) Elements emitted by Electric machine compared with emission of radioactive bodies — Aggregates identical with alpha, beta, gamma rays — Aggregates also give ultraviolet light — Experiments with Dr Oudin.
第三章 - 电力和材料流体的性质比较
电气流体的优越迁移率 - 玉米类比 - 中性;电动流体不观察到 - 对严重真实区别的易感性。
第四章 - 电粒子的移动
Example of electrified sphere at rest: no magnetic force — In motion, magnetic force appears — Acceleration of motion produces vibrations of ether —Rowland’s and Zeeman’s experiments — Electronic theory
书VI。沉重的世界：出生，进化和事物结束
第一章 - 维持材料重叠的物质和力量宪法
(1) Former ideas on structure of atoms – (2) Current ideas on constitution of matter – (3) Magnitude of elements of matter – (4) Forces which maintain molecular structures – (5) Attractions, repulsions and equilibria of isolated molecules – Osmotic phenomena and Leduc’s experiments.
第二章 - 具有环境变化的材料均衡的变化
（1）物质的流动性和敏感性 - （2）均衡变化与不断行动中的中质变化。
Chapter III – Various Aspects of matter
（1）气态，液体和固体状态 - （2）晶体物质和晶体的晶体 - von Schron的实验 - 双代晶体。
第四章 - 简单体组成的统一
（1）是由一个元素形成的简单体吗？- （2）是一个令人难度的统一性的单位吗？- Berthelot的实验 - 化学物种变量
章 - 化学品种的变异性
(1) Variability of simple bodies — Author’s experiments on variation of elements by actions by presence — Transmutation of elements – (2) Variability of compounds — Action of caffeine and theobromine combined — Modification of atomic equilibria possible.
第六章 - 材料物质的化学均衡
（1）矿物质平衡 - （2）有机物质 - 生活是细胞的总体
第七章 - 原子内化学和物质的未知均衡
(1) Intra-atomic chemistry – (2) Colloid metals – (3) Diastases, enzymes, toxins, and action by presence — Catalyst liberators of energy – (4) Oscillating chemical equilibria.
Chapter VIII – Birth, Evolution and End of Matter
(1) Genesis and evolution of atoms — Nebulae and the spectroscope — Atom follows law of birth, growth, and death – (2) End of matter — Electricity one its last stages, ethereal vibrations last of all – (3) Conclusions, recapitulation, and functions of hypothesis.
第二部分。实验研究
初步说明
Chapter I – General Methods of Verifying Dissociation
Chapter II – Methods of Verifying Dissociation by Light
第三章 - 通过频谱各部分解离
Chapter IV – Possibility of Rendering Ordinary Matter Radioactive
Chapter V – Negative Leak Caused by Light
Chapter VI – Dissociation by Combustion
Chapter VII – Dissociation by Chemical Reactions
第八章 - 非常放射性体的解离
第九章 - 气体电离
Chapter X – Emanation of All Substances
Chapter XI – Absence of Radioactivity in Finely-Divided Bodies
Chapter XII – Variability of Chemical Species
Chapter XIII – Passage Through Matter of Dissociated Particles
第十四章 - 历史文件
作者的论文在Revue Scientifique发表
作者指数
Index of Subjects
清单
This work is devoted to the study of the Evolution of Matter — that is to say, of the fundamental components of things, of the substratum of the worlds and of the beings which exist on their surface.
它代表了在众多备忘录中发表的过去8年中的实验研究的合成。在他们的结果中，他们已经表明了某些基本科学原则的不足，依赖于我们的物理知识的大厦。
据一位似乎永远定居的学说，建立一个世纪的持续劳动力，而宇宙中的所有事情都被谴责到灭亡，两个元素单独，物质和力量，逃避这一致命的缺陷。它们在没有停止的情况下进行转型，但仍然是坚不不愿的，因此不朽。
The facts brought to light by my researches, as well as by those to which they have led, show that, contrary to this belief, matter is not eternal, and can vanish without return. They likewise prove that the atom is the reservoir of a force hitherto unrecognized, although it exceeds by its immensity those forces with which we are acquainted, and that it may perhaps be the origin of most others, notably of electricity and solar heat. Lastly, they reveal that, between the world of the ponderable and that of the imponderable, till now considered widely separate, there exists an intermediate world.
For several years I was alone in upholding these ideas. Finally, however, their validity has been admitted, after numbers of physicists have determined in various ways the facts I have pointed out, principally those which demonstrate the universality of the dissociation of matter. It was above all the discovery of radium, long after my first researches, that fixed attention on these questions.
不让读者以粗略的粗糙度来惊慌，这将在此将阐述。他们在整个实验事实支持。这是我们努力穿透未知区域的指南，我必须在厚厚的黑暗中找到我的方式。这一天的黑暗并不清楚一天，因为这是为了以艰苦的努力成本来标记新道路的原因很少被召唤来看看它可能导致的地平线。
It is not without prolonged labor and heavy expense that the facts detailed in this volume have been established (1). If I have not yet obtained the suffrages of all the learned, and if I have incensed many among them by pointing out the fragility of dogmas which once possessed the authority of revealed truths, at least I have met with some valiant champions amongst eminent physicists, and my researches have been the cause of many others. One can hardly expect more, especially when attacking principles some of which were considered unshakeable. The great Lamarck uttered no ephemeral truth when he said, “Whatever the difficulties in discovering new truths, there are still greater ones in getting them recognized”.
[（1）为了使本书更容易阅读，详细的实验已经在体积结束时聚集在一起，它们形成第二部分。绘制了实验的所有板已经被我致力于我致力于助理M. F. Michaux拍摄或拍摄。我在这里表示感谢他在我的研究中延伸的多年来在我的实验室中的日常援助。我也欠了我的朋友E. Senechal，以及研究所的相应成员的职业教授，曾经荣耀过德沃尔韦尔斯·迪尔德，他曾修改了这一卷的证明。]
3.I should be armed with but scanty philosophy if I remained surprised at the attacks of several physicists, or at the exasperation of a certain number of worthy people, and especially at the silence of the greater number of the scholars who have utilized by experiments.
众神和教条在一天内不会灭亡。试图证明所有被认为永恒的身体的原子都不是这样，对所有接受的意见感到震惊。为了努力表明这件事，迄今为止被认为是惰性的，是巨大能量的水库，仍然遇到更多的想法。这种触摸我们知识的根源和摇晃科学的几个世纪的示范，通常在愤怒或沉默中得到愤怒或沉默，直到当天被众多寻求被引起的众多寻求者进行了详细的，他们变得如此普遍，普遍普遍认为这几乎是不可能指出他们的第一个发现者。
It matters little, in reality, that he who has sown should not reap. It is enough that the harvest grows. Of all occupations which may take up the too brief hours of life, none perhaps is so worthy as the search for unknown truths, the opening out of new paths in that immense unknown which surrounds us.
